المصادر:
سهدي عبد الرحمان: باحث مستقل – حاصل على الماستر من كلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية بالمحمدية- جامعة الحسن الثاني- الدار البيضاء.
[1] UNCTAD, 2023; African Union Commission, 2021.
[2] African Development Bank, 2022; UNECA, 2021.
[3] Limão & Venables, 2001; Mayer & Zignago, 2011.
[4] AfCFTA Secretariat, 2023.
[5] Ismail, 2018; Songwe, 2019; Luke & Mabuza, 2019.
[6] Storper, 2013; Graham, 2014.
[8] Graham & Zook, 2013.
[9] Rodrik, 2018; Goldin & Reinert, 2012.
[10] Arvis et al., 2013; UNCTAD, 2020.
[11] IFC, 2020; McKinsey Global Institute, 2022.
[12] Storper, 2013, p. 47
[13] Balancing Act Africa, 2023, p. 14.
[14] Graham, 2014, p. 106.
[15] Murray, 2022, p. 5.
[16] Internet Society, 2022, p. 22.
[17] GSMA, 2023, p. 44; ITU, 2023, p. 18.
[18] Limão & Venables, 2001, p. 462; UNECA, 2021, p. 76.
[19] North, 1990, p. 93; Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012, p. 79.
[20] AfCFTA Secretariat, 2023, pp. 4-9.
[21] AfCFTA Secretariat, 2023, pp. 11-15.
[22] Rodrik, 2018, p. 9; UNCTAD, 2020, p. 23.
[23] IMF, 2023, p. 42.
[24] Cannon, 2016, p. 7.
[25] African Union Commission, 2022, p. 34.
[26] Calandro, 2017, pp. 118-120.
[27] AfCFTA Secretariat, 2023, pp. 22-26; Luke & Mabuza, 2019, p. 54.
[28] Anderson-Wincoop 2003, p. 175.
[29] Arvis et al., 2013, p. 34; World Bank, 2023, p. 7.
[30] UNECA, 2021, p. 48.
[31] World Bank, 2021, p. 18.
[32] Ministère de l’Industrie, Maroc, 2022, p. 24.
[33] North, 1990, p. 28.
[34] World Bank, 2023, p. 7.
[35] African Development Bank, 2022, p. 62.
[36] Afreximbank, 2022, p. 10.
[37] Songwe, 2019, p. 82.
[38] World Bank, 2023, p. 7.
[39] Afreximbank, 2022, pp. 8-13.
[40] Afreximbank, 2023.
[41] IMF, 2023, p. 39.
[42] African Development Bank, 2022, p. 62.
[43] Calandro, 2017, p. 122.
[44] African Development Bank, 2022, p. 48; McKinsey Global Institute, 2022, p. 12.
[45] ILO, 2022, p. 6.
[46] IFC, 2020, p. 27; McKinsey Global Institute, 2022, p. 22.
[47] Wits Business School, 2021, p. 14; UNECA, 2021, p. 62.
[48] ILO, 2022, p. 14; van Dijk, 2020, p. 51.
[49] RURA, 2022, p. 19.
[50] UNCTAD, 2020, p. 11.
[51] Mayer & Zignago, 2011, p. 4.
[52] African Development Bank, 2022, p. 55.
[53] Arvis et al., 2013, p. 42.
[54] UNECA, 2021, p. 79.
[55] Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012, p. 85.
[56] Briter Bridges, 2023, p. 18
[57] Castells 2010, p. 428.
[58] Krugman 1991, p. 486.
[59] van Dijk 2020, p. 35.
[60] ITU, 2023, p. 12.
[61] GSMA, 2023, p. 29.
[62] A4AI, 2022, p. 8.
[63] African Union Commission, 2022, p. 42; Calandro, 2017, p. 120.
[64] ITU, 2023, p. 24.
[65] Cannon, 2016, p. 14; Calandro, 2017, p. 119.
[66] African Union Commission, 2022, p. 38.
[67] Rid, 2013, p. 11.
[68] ITU, 2022, p. 36.
[69] AfCFTA Secretariat, 2023, p. 29.
[70] African Union Commission, 2022, p. 41.
[71] Calandro, 2017, p. 125; Rodrik, 2018, p. 15.
[72] RURA, 2022, p. 14.
[73] ITU, 2023, p. 41; African Union Commission, 2022, p. 53.
[74] Goldin & Reinert, 2012, p. 115; Rodrik, 2018, p. 16.
[75] Luke & Mabuza, 2019, p. 68; African Union Commission, 2022, p. 51.
قائمة المراجع:
أولا: المصادر الرسمية والمنظمات الدولية:
- A4AI – Alliance for Affordable Internet. (2022). Affordability Report 2022. Web Foundation.
- Afreximbank. (2022). Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS): Operational Framework. Cairo: Afreximbank.
- Afreximbank. (2023). PAPSS Status Report: Mid-Year 2023. Cairo: Afreximbank.
- AfCFTA Secretariat. (2023). Digital Trade Protocol: Draft Text, Explanatory Notes and Implementation Roadmap. Accra: AfCFTA Secretariat.
- African Development Bank (AfDB). (2022). African Economic Outlook 2022. Abidjan: AfDB.
- African Union Commission. (2022). Digital Transformation Strategy for Africa (2020–2030): Progress Report. Addis Ababa: AU Commission.
- African Union. (2023). Assembly/AU/Dec.809 (XXXVI): Decision on the AfCFTA Digital Trade Protocol. Addis Ababa: AUC.
- Balancing Act Africa. (2023). Data Centre Africa Report 2023. London: Balancing Act Africa.
- Briter Bridges. (2023). Africa Investment Report 2023. London: Briter Bridges.
- GSMA. (2023). The State of Mobile Internet Connectivity 2023. London: GSMA Intelligence.
- IFC – International Finance Corporation. (2020). E-commerce in Africa: Opportunities and Barriers. Washington, DC: IFC.
- ILO – International Labour Organization. (2022). World Employment and Social Outlook 2022: The Role of the Informal Economy. Geneva: ILO.
- IMF – International Monetary Fund. (2023). Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: IMF.
- Internet Society. (2022). Africa Internet Infrastructure Report 2022. Reston: Internet Society.
- ITU – International Telecommunication Union. (2022). Global Cybersecurity Index 2022. Geneva: ITU.
- ITU. (2023). Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figures 2023. Geneva: ITU.
- McKinsey Global Institute. (2022). African Futures: The Future of Payments and Digital Finance in Africa. New York: McKinsey & Company.
- Ministère de l’Industrie et du Commerce, Maroc. (2022). Rapport Annuel PortNet 2022. Casablanca: Ministère de l’Industrie.
- Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA). (2022). Annual Report on ICT Sector 2021–2022. Kigali: RURA.
- UNCTAD. (2020). Technical Notes on ICT for Development No. 17: Paperless Trade Facilitation. Geneva: UNCTAD.
- UNECA. (2021). Economic Report on Africa 2021. Addis Ababa: UNECA.
- Wits Business School. (2021). Digital Trade and SMEs in Africa: Barriers and Opportunities. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand.
- World Bank. (2021). Rwanda Digital Economy Diagnostic. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- World Bank. (2023). Remittance Prices Worldwide, Issue No. 47. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- World Bank. (2023). Logistics Performance Index 2023. Washington, DC: World Bank.
ثانيا: المراجع الأكاديمية:
- Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. New York: Crown Publishers.
- Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with gravitas: A solution to the border puzzle. American Economic Review, 93(1), 170–192. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455214
- Arvis, J.-F., Mustra, M. A., Ojala, L., Shepherd, B., & Saslavsky, D. (2013). Connecting to Compete 2014: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Calandro, E. (2017). Internet governance in Africa: An evolving landscape. In L. DeNardis (Ed.), Researching Internet Governance (pp. 115–134). MIT Press.
- Cannon, B. (2016). Digital sovereignty and the politics of the internet in Africa. African Affairs, 115(460), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adw050
- Castells, M. (2010). The Rise of the Network Society (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Goldin, I., & Reinert, K. (2012). Globalization for Development: Meeting New Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Graham, M. (2014). Internet geographies: Data shadows and digital divisions of labour. In M. Graham & W. H. Dutton (Eds.), Society and the Internet (pp. 99–116). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Graham, M., & Zook, M. (2013). Augmented realities and uneven geographies. Environment and Planning A, 45(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1068/a44484
- Ismail, F. (2018). Reforming the WTO and the multilateral trading system. Bridges Africa, 7(3), 4–10.
- Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2016). The rise of the platform economy. Issues in Science and Technology, 32(3), 61–69.
- Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
- Limão, N., & Venables, A. J. (2001). Infrastructure, geographical disadvantage, transport costs, and trade. World Bank Economic Review, 15(3), 451–479. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/15.3.451
- Luke, D., & Mabuza, Z. (2019). The African Continental Free Trade Agreement: A Guide for Business. Geneva: ITC.
- Mayer, T., & Zignago, S. (2011). Notes on CEPII’s distances measures: The GeoDist database. CEPII Working Paper No. 2011-25. Paris: CEPII.
- McKinsey Global Institute. (2022). African Futures: The Future of Payments and Digital Finance. New York: McKinsey & Company.
- Murray, G. (2022). Data gravity and the economics of cloud infrastructure. Journal of Cloud Computing, 11(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-022-00278-4
- North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rid, T. (2013). Cyber War Will Not Take Place. London: Hurst & Company.
- Rodrik, D. (2018). New technologies, global value chains, and developing economies. NBER Working Paper No. 25164. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25164
- Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Soja, E. W. (2010). Seeking Spatial Justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Songwe, V. (2019). Intra-Africa trade: A path to economic diversification and inclusion. In J. Lledó (Ed.), Challenges and Opportunities of Economic Integration in Africa (pp. 70–96). Washington, DC: IMF.
- Storper, M. (2013). Keys to the City: How Economics, Institutions, Social Interaction, and Politics Shape Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2020). The Digital Divide. Cambridge: Polity Press.
بدعمكم نستمر
إدعم مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية
ينتظر المركز من أصدقائه وقرائه ومحبِّيه في هذه المرحلة الوقوف إلى جانبه من خلال طلب منشوراته وتسديد ثمنها بالعملة الصعبة نقداً، أو حتى تقديم بعض التبرعات النقدية لتعزيز قدرته على الصمود والاستمرار في مسيرته العلمية والبحثية المستقلة والموضوعية والملتزمة بقضايا الأرض والإنسان في مختلف أرجاء الوطن العربي.











