المصادر:
نُشرت هذه الدراسة في مجلة المستقبل العربي العدد 490 في كانون الأول/ديسمبر 2019.
محمد عبد الكريم أحمد: معهد البحوث والدراسات الأفريقية، جامعة أسوان.
[1]Isiaka Alani Badmus, «What Went Wrong with Africa?: On the Etiology of Sustaining Disarticulation of the African Nation-States,» Verfassung und Recht in Übersee/Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, vol. 39, no. 3 (3rd Quartal 2006), p. 272.
[2] بيركيت هابتي سيلاس، الصراع في القرن الأفريقي، ترجمة عفيف الرزاز (بيروت: مؤسسة الأبحاث العربية، 1980)، ص 15.
[3] Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, «Africa and International Law – The Emergence to Statehood,» The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 23, no. 4 (December 1985), pp. 583‑584.
[4] Marco M. G. Guadagni, «Colonial Origins of the Public Domain in Southern Somalia (1892‑1912),» Journal of African Law, vol. 22, no. 1 (Spring 1978), pp. 3‑4.
[5] أحمد صوار، الصومال الكبير (القاهرة: الدار القومية للطباعة والنشر، 1959)، ص 27 – 28.
[6] محمد فايق، عبد الناصر والثورة الأفريقية (بيروت: دار الوحدة للطباعة والنشر، 1984)، ص 35.
[7] Hassan Omar Mahadallah, «The Origins and Essence of Somali Nationalism,» (A Dissertation submitted on the 16th of May, 1997 to the Department of Political Science of the Graduate School of Tulane University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Tulane, 1998), p. 111.
[8] محمد عبد المنعم يونس، الصومال وطناً … وشعباً (القاهرة: دار النهضة العربية، 1962)، ص 182.
[9] Antonio M. Morone, «L’Egitto di Nasser e la formazione dello stato somalo: Influenze politiche, interazioniculturali e identità nazionale,» Contemporanea, vol. 13, no. 4 (ottobre 2010), pp. 652‑653.
[10] Richard H. Shultz, Jr. «State Disintegration and Ethnic Conflict: A Framework for Analysis,» The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 541, Small Wars (September 1995), p. 83.
[11] Martin Doornbos, «Somalia: Alternative Scenarios for Political Reconstruction,» African Affairs, vol. 101, no. 402 (January 2002), p. 99.
[12] Mohamed A. Mohamed, «U.S. Strategic Interest in Somalia: From Cold War Era to War on Terror,» (A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the State University at Buffalo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts, Department of American Studies, 2009), p. 4.
[13] Shultz, Jr. «State Disintegration and Ethnic Conflict: A Framework for Analysis,» p. 84.
[14] Mahadallah, «The Origins and Essence of Somali Nationalism,» pp. 146‑147.
[15] Wallace-Bruce, «Africa and International Law – The Emergence to Statehood,» pp. 587 and 589.
[16] Jeremiah O. Arowosegbe, «State Reconstruction in Africa: The Relevance of Claude Ake’s Political Thought,» International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), vol. 87, no. 3 (May 2011), p. 655.
[17] ميلود عامر حاج، بناء الدولة وانعكاساته على واقع الدولة القطرية العربية، دراسات استراتيجية، العدد 195 (أبو ظبي: مركز الإمارات للدراسات والبحوث الاستراتيجية، 2014)، ص 12 – 13.
[18] I. M. Lewis, «Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox,» Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, vol. 74, no. 4 (2004), p. 493.
[19] Gilbert Ware, «Somalia: From Trust Territory to Nation, 1950‑1960,» Phylon (1960-), vol. 26, no. 2 (2nd Qtr., 1965), p. 182.
[20] Arowosegbe, «State Reconstruction in Africa: The Relevance of Claude Ake’s Political Thought,» p. 658.
[21] Mojeed Adekunle Animashaun, «State Failure, Crisis of Governance and Disengagement from the State in Africa,» Africa Development/Afrique et Développement, vol. 34, nos. 3‑4 (2009), p. 52.
[22] Shultz, Jr. «State Disintegration and Ethnic Conflict: A Framework for Analysis,» pp. 82‑83.
[23] Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg, «Sovereignty and Underdevelopment: Juridical Statehood in the African Crisis,» The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 24, no. 1 (March 1986), p. 17.
[24] Abdi Ismail Samatar, «Destruction of State and Society in Somalia: Beyond the Tribal Convention,» The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 30, no. 4 (December 1992), p. 626.
[25] Ibid, pp. 679‑680.
[26] Catherine Besteman, «Violent Politics and the Politics of Violence: The Dissolution of the Somali Nation-State,» American Ethnologist, vol. 23, no. 3 (August 1996), p. 581.
[27] Barbara Maingon, «The Role of External Factors in the Somali Civil War,» (A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science in International Relations in the Graduate School of Troy University, Alabama, 2012), p. 55.
[28] G. M. Ferreira, «Good Governance and the Failed State,» The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, vol. 41, no. 3 (November 2008), pp. 434‑435.
[29] Paul D. Miller, «The Case for Nation-building: Why and How to Fix Failed States,» PRISM, vol. 3, no. 1 (December 2011), pp. 68‑69.
[30] Richard Joseph, «Nation-State Trajectories in Africa,» Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, vol. 4, no. 1 (Winter-Spring 2003), p. 14.
[31] Richard Bennett Furlow, «The Specter of Colony: Colonialism, Islamism, and State in Somalia,» (Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy, Arizona State University, Arizona, 2013), p. 96.
[32] عبد الناصر محمد معلم ومحمد سعيد مري، تنبؤات حول الانتخابات الرئاسية القادمة في الصومال 2016 (مقديشو: مركز مقديشو للبحوث والدراسات، 2016)، ص 6.
[33] قاسم أحمد سهل، «توافق صومالي على آلية اختيار السلطات السياسية،» الجزيرة نت، 28 كانون الثاني/يناير 2016 <http://www.aljazeera.net/news/arabic/2016/1/28>.
[34] Nicole Stremlau, «Governance without Government in the Somali Territories,» Journal of International Affairs, vol. 71, no. 2, Ungoverned Spaces (Spring-Summer 2018), p. 79.
[35] Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Somalia Conference 7 May 2013, Key Outcomes, 13 May 2013, <https://www.gov.uk/government/news/somalia-conference-7-may-2013-key-outcomes>.
[36] Mahmoud M. Uluso, «2017 London Conference on Somalia: Context and Scope,» 2 May 2017, <https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2017/may/141936/2017_london_conference_on_somalia_context_and_scope.aspx>.
[37] «About the London Somalia Conference 2017,» <https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/london-somalia-conference-2017/about>.
[38] Uluso, «2017 London Conference on Somalia: Context and Scope».
[39] Ibid.
[40] Abdi, «AU Mulls Transitioning Security to Somali Security Forces,» Xinhua, 25 July 2017 <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017‑07/25/c_136469377.htm>.
[41] John Vandiver, «In Somalia it’s a Race against time for AFRICOM-Backed Troops,» Stars and Stripes (20 April 2017), <https://www.stripes.com/news/in-somalia-it-s-a-race-against-time-for-africom-backed-troops-1.464501#.WXhk6bbiLcc>.
[42] London Conference on Somalia (May 2017), A New Partnership for Somalia for Peace, Stability and Prosperity: A Framework for Mutual Accountability and Accelerated Progress (Document), p. 4.
[43] Uluso, «2017 London Conference on Somalia: Context and Scope».
[44] <http://www.somaoilandgas.com/shareholders/>.
[45] Uluso, «2017 London Conference on Somalia: Context and Scope».
بدعمكم نستمر
إدعم مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية
ينتظر المركز من أصدقائه وقرائه ومحبِّيه في هذه المرحلة الوقوف إلى جانبه من خلال طلب منشوراته وتسديد ثمنها بالعملة الصعبة نقداً، أو حتى تقديم بعض التبرعات النقدية لتعزيز قدرته على الصمود والاستمرار في مسيرته العلمية والبحثية المستقلة والموضوعية والملتزمة بقضايا الأرض والإنسان في مختلف أرجاء الوطن العربي.