المصادر:
نُشرت هذه الدراسة في مجلة المستقبل العربي العدد 552 في شباط/فبراير 2025.
سلمى عبد الستار عبد اللاه عبد الرحمن: مدرسة مساعدة في قسم العلوم السياسية، كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية – جامعة القاهرة.
[1] Social Norms and Gender, What Does Global Evidence Tell Us about Shifting Social and Gender Norms for Improved Development Outcomes in Favor of Girls and Women?, Webinar Brief, Global Evidence for Egypt Spotlight Seminar Series, UNICEF, 9 March 2021, pp. 3-7. <https://shorturl.at/PSNVQ> (accessed on 3 November 2023).
[2] «Social Norms,» Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 1 March 2011, <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-norms/#Conc> (accessed on 3 November 2023).
[3] The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, «Norm–Society,» July 1998, <https://www.britannica.com/topic/norm-society> (accessed on 3 November 2023).
[4] «Social Norms,» Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, Op. cit.
[5] UNICEF, «Defining Social Norms and Related Concepts,» November 2021, pp. 2-3, <https://shorturl.at/oj31Z> (accessed on 4 November 2023).
[6] Aya Tousson, «Status of Women Leadership and Empowerment in Egypt: A Perception study of Government and Non Governmental Organizations,» (Master Dissertation Submitted to Department of Public Policy and Administration, The American University in Cairo, School of Global Affairs and Public Policy, Fall 2020), pp. 11-15, <https://shorturl.at/ZPYkT> (accessed on 4 November 2023).
[7] Women Economic Empowerment Study, World Bank, 2018, <https://shorturl.at/55gq2> (accessed on 4 November 2023).
[8] Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and National Council for Women, «Women’s Political Participation in Egypt Barriers, Opportunities and Gender Sensitivity of Select Political Institutions,» July 2018, pp. 52-58, <https://shorturl.at/XTZNR> (accessed on 5 November 2023).
[9] Women Economic Empowerment Study, Op.cit.
[10] Shimaa Elbanna, «Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) in Egypt,» British Council Egypt, April 2021, <https://shorturl.at/uAaM9> (accessed on 5 November 2023).
[11] Lily Sweeting, «Bruised but Never Broken: The Fight for Gender Equality in Egypt and Bangladesh,» Global Majority Journal, vol. 11, no. 2 (December 2020), pp. 102-116, <https://shorturl.at/bszPT> (accessed on 5 November 2023).
[12] Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and National Council for Women, «Women’s Political Participation in Egypt Barriers, Opportunities and Gender Sensitivity of Select Political Institutions,» pp. 20-27.
[13] «Profile of Women in Rural Egypt,» Egypt Country Office UN Women, March 2018, pp. 2-10, <https://shorturl.at/s1ipm> (accessed on 5 November 2023).
[14] Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and National Council for Women, «Women’s Political Participation in Egypt Barriers, Opportunities and Gender Sensitivity of Select Political Institutions,» p. 22.
[15] Ibid., pp. 43-44.
[16] Arab Barometer, «Arab Barometer Wave VII,» (October 2021 – July 2022), <https://www.arabbarometer.org/surveys/arab-barometer-wave-vii/> (accessed on 5 November 2023).
[17] Ibid.
[18] International Labor Organization, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and Center of Arab Woman for Training and Research, Changing Laws and Breaking Barriers for Women’s Economic Empowerment in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia (Paris: OECD Publishing 2020), <https://shorturl.at/w5VKl> (accessed on 6 November 2023).
[19] Amany Abdelrazek Alsiefy, «Mapping Gendered Spaces and Women’s Rights in the Modern Egyptian Public Sphere,» SN Social Sciences, vol. 3, no. 2 (December 2022), pp. 2-20. <https://tinyurl.com/52zpeb4v> (accessed on 6 November 2023).
[20] Hanan Nazier and Racha Ramadan, «What Empowers Egyptian Women: Resources versus Social Constrains?,» Review of Economics and Political Science (Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University), vol. 3, no. 3 (September 2018), pp.153-175, <https://tinyurl.com/34fx3zjy> (accessed on 7 November 2023).
[21] المادتان 1 و2، من القانون رقم 10 لسنة 2021، الجريدة الرسمية «الوقائع المصرية»، عدد. 16 مكرر، 28 نيسان/أبريل 2021.
[22] المسح الصحي للأسرة المصرية، الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء، حزيران/يونيو 2022، ص 31 – 32.
[23] رشا محمد حسن، «غيوم في سماء مصر: التحرش الجنسي من المعاكسات الكلامية حتى الاغتصاب – دراسة سوسيولوجية،» مراجعة علمية علياء شكري؛ إشراف نهاد أبو القمصان تقرير المركز المصري لحقوق المرأة، كانون الثاني/يناير 2013، ص 10، <https://shorturl.at/fCOND>.
[24] «Study on Ways and Methods to Eliminate Sexual Harassment in Egypt: Results, Outcomes and Recommendations,» UN Women, 2013, p. 4, <https://shorturl.at/5MB4G> (accessed 7 November 2023).
[25] «المادة 1 من القانون رقم 141 لسنة 2021،» الجريدة الرسمية الوقائع المصرية، العدد 32 مكرر (أ) (15 آب/أغسطس 2021).
[26] «العنف ضد المرأة: الأبعاد وآليات المواجهة،» المجلس القومي للبحوث الجنائية والاجتماعية بالتعاون مع المجلس القومي للمرأة، كانون الثاني/يناير 2022، <http://www.ncscr.org.eg/document-details/20214#:~:text> (accessed 7 November 2023).
[27] المصدر نفسه.
[28] Anwar Mhajne, «Women’s Rights and Islamic Feminism in Egypt,» Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (GJIA) (8 June 2022), <https://tinyurl.com/mw66m4m5> (accessed 7 November 2023).
[29] The Paths to Equal: Twin Indices on Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality, (Paris: UN Women; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2023), p. 3 <https://tinyurl.com/yc6j99t8> (accessed 7 November 2023).
[30] Social Norms and Gender, What Does Global Evidence Tell Us about Shifting Social and Gender Norms for Improved Development Outcomes in Favor of Girls and Women?, p. 5.
[31] Ibid., p. 6.
[32] Ibid., p. 10.
[33] Report: Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI) 2023: Breaking Down Gender Biases, Shifting Social Norms Towards Gender Equality (The Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in collaboration with the UNDP Gender Team, New York, 2023), p. 13, <https://tinyurl.com/bdfy5245> (accessed 7 November 2023).
[34] Ibid., p. 9.
[35] Annamaria Milazzo and Markus Goldstein, «Governance and Women’s Economic and Political Participation: Power Inequalities, Formal Constraints and Norms,» The World Bank Research Observer, vol. 34, no. 1 (February 2019), pp. 34–64, <https://tinyurl.com/yf3ydtx7> (accessed 7 November 2023).
[36] Tousson, «Status of Women Leadership and Empowerment in Egypt: A Perception study of Government and Non Governmental Organizations,» pp. 16-17.
[37] Report: Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI) 2023: Breaking Down Gender Biases, Shifting Social Norms Towards Gender Equality, p. 3.
[38] Ibid., p. 3.
[39] Conny Roggeband, «International Women’s Rights: Progress under Attack?,» KFG Working Paper Series, no. 26 (January 2019), pp. 6-16.
[40] Ibid., pp. 12-13.
[41] Ibid., pp. 13-14.
[42] Tousson, «Status of Women Leadership and Empowerment in Egypt: A Perception study of Government and Non Governmental Organizations,» p. 14.
[43] برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي، تقرير التنمية البشرية 2021/2022: زمن بلا يقين، حياة بلا استقرار (نيويورك: البرنامج، 2023)، ص 20، <https://tinyurl.com/5n7j2z3z> (تم الدخول 8 تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 2023).
[44] Report: Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI) 2023: Breaking Down Gender Biases, Shifting Social Norms Towards Gender Equality, p. 8.
[45] Ibid., pp. 8-9.
[46] Alsiefy, «Mapping Gendered Spaces and Women’s Rights in the Modern Egyptian Public Sphere,» p. 18.
[47] Milazzo and Goldstein, «Governance and Women’s Economic and Political Participation: Power Inequalities, Formal Constraints and Norms,» pp. 53-55.
[48] Ibid., pp. 53-55.
بدعمكم نستمر
إدعم مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية
ينتظر المركز من أصدقائه وقرائه ومحبِّيه في هذه المرحلة الوقوف إلى جانبه من خلال طلب منشوراته وتسديد ثمنها بالعملة الصعبة نقداً، أو حتى تقديم بعض التبرعات النقدية لتعزيز قدرته على الصمود والاستمرار في مسيرته العلمية والبحثية المستقلة والموضوعية والملتزمة بقضايا الأرض والإنسان في مختلف أرجاء الوطن العربي.