المصادر:
(*) نُشرت هذه المقالة في مجلة المستقبل العربي العدد 514 في كانون الأول/ديسمبر 2021.
(**) مصطفى شلش: كلية الهندسة – الإسكندرية.
البريد الإلكتروني: mostafashalash1968@gmail.com
[1] الكتبة إحدى الجماعات الدينية التابعة للفريسيين نشطت خلال القرن الأول ومفردها كاتب، دعيت بهذا الاسم لأن أعضاءها كانوا ينسخون التوراة ومن ثم يقومون بتفسيرها فهم المفسرون المحترفون للشريعة، وقد عرف عنهم كونهم متشددين في الأمور الدينية وحفظ التقاليد وابتداع وصايا جديدة. كانوا يلقبون في المجتمع بمعلم، التي تعني في اللغة العبرية، رابي، لكونهم معلمي الشريعة في المجامع، وقد اصطدموا مع يسوع المسيح الذي قرّعهم لتشددهم وتمسكهم بالألفاظ.
[2] Joel Kotkin, The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class (New York: Encounter Books, 2020).
[3] Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman, «Wealth Inequality in the United States since 1913: Evidence from Capitalized Income Tax Data,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 131, no. 2 (May 2016), p. 519.
[4] Michael Savage, «Richest 1% on Target to Own Two-thirds of All Wealth by 2030,» Guardian, 7/4/2018, <https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/apr/07/global-inequality-tipping-point-2030>.
[5] Kotkin, The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class.
[6] Christophe Guilluy, Twilight of the Elites: Prosperity, the Periphery, and the Future of France, translated by Malcolm Debevoise (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019), p. 100.
[7] Daniel Henninger, «Socialism? Yes, Be Afraid,» Wall Street Journal, 13/3/2019, <https://www.wsj.com/articles/socialism-yes-be-afraid-11552518646>.
[8] Kotkin, The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class.s
[9] Ibid.
[10] Michael Grant, The Fall of the Roman Empire (New York: Collier, 1990), p. 58.
[11] Kotkin, Ibid.
[12] Robert S. Lopez, The Birth of Europe (New York: M. Evans and Co., 1967), p. 170.
[13] Kotkin, Ibid.
[14] Ibid.
[15] Max Roser, «Economic Growth,» Our World in Data, <https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth>.
[16] George W. Bush, «Remarks by President George W. Bush at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy,» 6 November 2003, U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Washington, DC, <https://www.ned.org/remarks-by-president-george-w-bush-at-the-20th-anniversary/>, and David A. Graham, «The Wrong Side of «the Right Side of History»,» Atlantic, 21/12/2015, <https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/12/obama-right-side-of-history/420462/>.
[17] OECD, «Governments Must Act to Help Struggling Middle Class,» 4 October 2019, <https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/governments-must-act-to-help-struggling-middle-class.htm>.
[18] Estelle Sommeiller and Mark Price, «The New Gilded Age: Income Inequality in the U.S. by State, Metropolitan Area, and County,» Economic Policy Institute, Table 10, 19 July 2018, <https://www.epi.org/publication/the-new-gilded-age-income-inequality-in-the-u-s-by-state-metropolitan-area-and-county/#epi-toc-14>.
[19] David DeGraw, «We’re Living in a System of New Feudalism: Here’s How to Change it,» New Statesman, 31 October 2013, <http://www.newstatesman.com/2013/10/were-living-system-new-feudalism-heres-how-change-it>.
[20] Kotkin, The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class.
[21] Shannon Tiezzi, «Report: China’s 1 Percent Owns 1/3 of Wealth,» Diplomat, 15 January 2016, <https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/report-chinas-1-percent-owns-13-of-wealth/>; Jonathan Kaiman, «China Gets Richer but More Unequal,» Guardian, 28/7/2014, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/28/china-more-unequal-richer>, and David S. G. Goodman, Class in Contemporary China (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2014), pp. 2–3 and 45.
[22] Satyajit Das, «Despite Appearances, the Idea of Social Progress is a Myth,» Independent, 30/7/2017, <http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/despite-appearances-the-idea-of-social-progress-is-a-myth-a7867371.html>.
[23] Christopher Ingraham, «American Land Barons: 100 Wealthy Families Now own Nearly as Much Land as That of New England,» Washington Post, 21/12/2017, <https://wapo.st/3qeugLf>; «2018 Land Report 100: America’s 100 Largest Landowners,» Magazine of the American Landowner, Special Report, Winter 2018, <https://www.landleader.com/land-report-100>.
[24] Julie Turkewitz, «Who Gets to Own the West?» New York Times, 22/6/2019, <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/22/us/wilks-brothers-fracking-business.html>.
[25] Elena L. Pasquini, «Land Concentration in Europe: What We Know,» Degrees of Latitude, 28 November 2017, <https://bit.ly/3qaF7pD>; Levente Polyak, «Exploring Property: Perspectives of Ownership,» Cooperative City, 22 October 2017, <https://cooperativecity.org/2017/10/22/ownership/>, and Palko Karasz, «Half of England Is Owned by Less Than 1% of Its Population, Researcher Says,» New York Times, 19/4/2019, <https://nyti.ms/2YoAD3h>.
[26] Michael D. Carr and Emily E. Wiemers, «The Decline in Lifetime Earnings Mobility in the U.S.: Evidence from Survey-linked Administrative Data,» Washington Center for Equitable Growth, 7 September 2016, <https://bit.ly/2ZZ659a>.
[27] OECD, Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2019), p. 13, <https://doi.org/10.1787/689afed1-en>.
[28] John W. Schoen, «Millennials Will be Renting for a Lot Longer,» CNBC, 9 September 2016, <https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/09/millennials-will-be-renting-for-a-lot-longer.html>; Leith van Onselen, «The Sad Death of Australian Home Ownership,» Macrobusiness, 7 August 2018, <https://bit.ly/31DDFSt>; Richard Partington, «Home Ownership among Young Adults has «Collapsed», Study Finds,» Guardian, 16/2/2018, <https://bit.ly/3bMXV5I>, and Joel Kotkin, «The High Cost of a Home Is Turning American Millennials Into the New Serfs,» Daily Beast, 11/4/2017, <https://bit.ly/3EQ3Fs3>.
[29] Robert E. Scott and Zane Mokhiber, «The China Toll Deepens,» Economic Policy Institute, 23 October 2018, <https://bit.ly/30263gl>, and Phillip Inman, «UK Manufacturing Has Lost 600,000 Jobs in a Decade, Says Union,» Guardian, 4/6/2018, <https://bit.ly/3o4iLDE>.
[30] Kotkin, The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class.
[31] Guilluy, Twilight of the Elites: Prosperity, the Periphery, and the Future of France, p. 2.
[32] Joel Kotkin, «Progressives Have Let Inner Cities Fail for Decades. President Trump Could Change That,» Daily Beast, 13/4/2017, <https://bit.ly/3EVuxqq>.
[33] Kotkin, Ibid.
[34] Michael Lind, «The New Class War,» American Affairs (Summer 2017); Brody Mullins and Jack Nicas, «Paying Professors: Inside Google’s Academic Influence Campaign,» Wall Street Journal, 14/7/2017, <https://on.wsj.com/3BT6g2r>, and Justin Danhof, «I Confronted Google about Its Liberal Groupthink at a Shareholder Meeting-Here’s What Happened Next,» Investors, 9 August 2017, <https://bit.ly/3wuXtCP>.
[35] Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (New York: Basic Books, 1973), p. 391.
[36] Kotkin, The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class.
[37] Kotkin, Ibid.
[38] Bruce Stokes, «Expectations for the Future,» Pew Research Center, 18 September 2018, <https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2018/09/18/expectations-for-the-future/>.
[39] Bruce Stokes and Kat Devlin, «Despite Rising Economic Confidence, Japanese See Best Days Behind Them and Say Children Face a Bleak Future,» Pew Research Center, 12 November 2018, <https://pewrsr.ch/3mPTFJ1>, and Ameber Pariona, «The World’s Most Pessimistic Countries,» World Atlas, 15 August 2017, < https://bit.ly/2ZZBfws>.
[40] «Employment and Wages,» China Labour Bulletin (July 2019), <https://clb.org.hk/content/employment-and-wages>.
[41] Lyman Stone, «More Thoughts on Falling Fertility,» Medium, 4 December 2017, <https://bit.ly/304Qa8Y>; Rich Miller, «Powell’s Puzzling U.S. Labor Market Looks Somewhat Like Japan’s,» Bloomberg, 19 June 2018, <https://bloom.bg/3GRv9iK>; Peter Dockrill, «US Fertility Rates Have Plummeted Into Uncharted Territory, and Nobody Knows Why,» Science Alert, 21 May 2018, <https://bit.ly/3CY8gI8>; Andrew van Dam, «Toys R Us’s Baby Problem is Everybody’s Baby Problem,» Washington Post, 15/3/2018, <https://wapo.st/3GYJ72h>; Justin Fox, «The Consequences of the U.S. Baby Bust,» Bloomberg Opinion, 20 September 2017, <https://bloom.bg/3o8jXWj>, and Wolfgang Streeck, How Will Capitalism End? Essays on a Failing System (New York: Verso, 2016), p. 219.
[42] Phil Longman, The Empty Cradle: How Falling Birthrates Threaten World Prosperity (New York: New America Books, 2004), and Joel Kotkin, «Death Spiral Demographics: The Countries Shrinking the Fastest,» Forbes, 1 February 2017, <https://bit.ly/3wpxPQ3>.
[43] Alex Gray, «The Troubling Charts That Show Young People Losing Faith in Democracy,» World Economic Forum, 1 December 2016, <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/12/charts-that-show-young-people-losing-faith-in-democracy/>.
[44] Amanda Taub, «How Stable Are Democracies? «Warning Signs Are Flashing Red»,» New York Times, 29/11/2016, <https://nyti.ms/3keVZI2>.
[45] Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 12.
[46] Kotkin, The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class.s
[47] Emily Atkin, «Al Gore’s Carbon Footprint Doesn’t Matter,» New Republic, 7/8/2017, <https://bit.ly/3GW74HJ>; «How Electricity Became a Luxury Good,» Spiegel, 4/9/2013, <https://bit.ly/3H8U3L4>, and Dagmara Stoerring, «Energy Poverty,» European Parliament, 9 November 2016, <https://bit.ly/3CTR8mS>.
[48] Salena Zito and Brad Todd, The Great Revolt: Inside the Populist Coalition Reshaping American Politics (New York: Crown Forum, 2018), 3, 246.
[49] Guilluy, Twilight of the Elites: Prosperity, the Periphery, and the Future of France, p. 15, and Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, «The Failure of the French Elite,» Wall Street Journal, 22/2/2019, <https://on.wsj.com/3GZf7n1>.
[50] Adam Nossiter, «France’s Mayors, Feeling the Pinch, Lead a Quiet Rebellion and Quit,» New York Times, 11/11/2018, <https://nyti.ms/3woqMXI>; Adam Nossiter, «As France’s Towns Wither, Fear of a Decline in «Frenchness»,» New York Times, 28/2/2017, <https://nyti.ms/3qd4Ai2>, and Wendell Cox, «The Evolving Urban Form: Paris,» New Geography (19 March 2018), < https://bit.ly/3BV7wSN>.
[51] Kotkin, The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class.
[52] Ibid.
[53] Vasily Grossman, Life and Fate, translated by Robert Chandler (New York: New York Review of Books, 1985), p. 537.
[54] Kotkin, Ibid.
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