المصادر:
(*) الفصل الأول من كتاب التسلح ونزع السلاح والأمن الدولي: الكتاب السنوي 2017، الصادر عن مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية في كانون الأول/ديسمبر 2017.
للحصول على نسختكم من الكتاب اضغطوا على التسلح ونزع السلاح والأمن الدولي: الكتاب السنوي 2017
(**) دان سميث: مدير معهد ستوكهولم الدولي لأبحاث السلام- سيبري.
[1] لاستعراض العديد من التطوّرات الإيجابية، انظر: M. Rice-Oxley [et al.], «Eight Charts That Show 2016 Wasn’t as Bad as You Think,» The Guardian, 30/12/2016.
[2] United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, The Paris Agreement, <http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php>.
[3] «Colombia Referendum: Voters Reject FARC Peace Deal,» BBC News (3 October 2016); «Colombia Signs New Peace Deal with Farc,» BBC News (24 November 2016), and J. Partlow, and N. Miroff, «Colombia’s Congress Approves Historic Peace Deal with FARC Rebels,» Washington Post, 30/11/2016.
[4] انظر: W. R. Mead, «The Return of Gopolitics,» Foreign Affairs (May-June 2014), and World Economic Forum, The Global Risk Report, 2016 (Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2016), pp. 24–28.
[5] T. Grove, «Russia’s Putin Says the West is on the Decline,» Reuters, 9 July 2012; Abdullahi Boru Halakhe, «China’s Rise Meets America’s Decline in Africa,» Al Jazeera, 27 May 2014, and J. Solana and S. Talbott, «The Decline of the West, and How to Stop it,» New York Times, 19/10/2016.
[6] D. Carrington, «The Anthropocene Epoch: Scientists Declare Dawn of Human-Influenced Age,» The Guardian, 29/8/2016.
[7] P. J. Crutzen and E. F. Stoermer, «The «Anthropocene»,» Global Change Newsletter, no. 41 (May 2000).
[8] Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy, Working group on the Anthropocene, «What is the «Anthropocene»?: Current Definition and Status,» (accessed on 30 April 2017).
[9] المصدر نفسه، وCarrington, «The Anthropocene Epoch: Scientists Declare Dawn of Human-Influenced Age».
[10] انظر: T. Rauf, «The 2015 Non-Proliferation Review Conference,» in: SIPRI Yearbook 2016, pp. 689‑699
[11] انظر: T. Rauf, «Resolving Concerns about Iran’s Nuclear Programme,» in: SIPRI Yearbook 2016, pp. 673–688.
[12] Nuclear Security Summit, «Nuclear Security Summit 2016 communiqué,» Washington, DC, 2016, 1 April 2016, p. 2.
[13] S. Bauer, «Improvement of EU Dual-use Export Controls in the Context of the European Commission’s Reform Proposal,» DG for External Policies, Policy Department, Workshop: Dual Use Export Controls (European Parliament: Brussels, Oct. 2015), pp. 48–86.
انظر أيضاً الفصل الخامس عشر في هذا الكتاب.
[14] انظر: V. Boulanin, EU Non-Proliferation Consortium, «Mapping the debate on LAWS at the CCW: Taking Stock and Moving Forward,» Non-Proliferation Paper no. 49, March 2016
[15] سعت عدة دول لتحسين الأمن الإلكتروني من طريق وضع اللوائح ومساعي التعاون بين الحكومة والقطاع الخاص. وتشمل هذه المساعي في الاتحاد الأوروبي، على سبيل المثال، توجيه سنة 2016 بشأن أمن الشبكات وأنظمة المعلومات ولائحة الاتحاد الأوروبي العامة لحماية البيانات لسنة 2016. انظر: M. Skilton, «Implications of the EU Announcements for Cyber Security and Access to the Digital Single Market,» Huffington Post, 8/7/2016.
[16] E. Rumer, «Russia and the security of Europe,» Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, (30 June 2016), p. 15.
[17] «Russian Hacking in the US Election,» New York Times [n. d.], <https://www.nytimes.com/news-event/russian-election-hacking>.
[18] «Russia-NATO Relations Have Fallen to a New Cold War Level: Russian PM,» RT, 13 February 2016, and R. Oliphant, «Russia and the West «Have Entered a New Cold War»,» Daily Telegraph, 23/10/2016.
[19] M. Crowley, «All of Trump’s Russia Ties, in 7 Charts,» Politico Magazine (March-April 2017); «Trump Says Putin «a Leader Far More Than Our President»,» BBC News (8 September 2016), and J. Diamond, «Timeline: Donald Trump’s Praise for Vladimir Putin,» CNN, 29 July 2016.
[20] تسلّم فلاديمير الرئاسة بالوكالة من 31 كانون الأول/ديسمبر 1999، ثم أصبح رئيساً مرتين من أيار/مايو 2000 إلى أيار/مايو 2008. وتسلّم رئاسة الوزراء من أيار/مايو 2008 إلى أيار/مايو 2012 عندما انتخب رئيساً مرة أخرى، ولا يزال، <http://eng.putin.kremlin.ru/bio>.
[21] T. Deen, «Trump’s Threat on Multilateral Treaties Keeps UN Guessing,» InterPress Service, 15 November 2016.
[22] S. Begley, «Read Donald Trump’s Speech to AIPAC,» Time (21 March 2016); H. Alexander, «Donald Trump and the United Nations: A Fight Waiting to Happen?,» Daily Telegraph, 19/1/2017; Ballotpedia, «2016 Presidential Candidates on International Trade,» Presidential Elections: The Road to the White House; Twitter, 6 November 2012, @realDonaldTrump, «The Concept of Global Warming Was Created by and for the Chinese in Order to Make US Manufacturing non-competitive,» <https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/265895292191248385?lang=sv>; and «Climate Changeable,» Snopes, retrieved 30 April 2017, <http://www.snopes.com/donald-trump-global-warming-hoax/>
[23] P. Beaumont, «Israel Tells France It Will not Join Talks Aimed at Reviving Peace Process,» The Guardian, 7/11/2016.
[24] انظر مثـلاً: P. Knott, «Europe’s Peace and Democracy can be Broken: Brexit is one of the Cracks,» New European (7 December 2016); and N. Shanklin, «Brexit and Movements for Peace and Justice,» Peace News, nos. 2592–2593 (April–May 2016).
[25] T. Hains, «Trump: NATO is Obsolete and Expensive, «Doesn’t have the right countries in it for Terrorism»,» Real Clear Politics, 27 March 2016
[26] «Euroscepticism on Rise in Europe, Poll Suggests,» BBC News (8 June 2016).
[27] A. Osborn and C. Lowe, «Russia Revels in Trump Victory, Looks to Sanctions Relief,» Reuters, 9 Novemebr 2016; Reuters, «Donald Trump’s Victory Raises Questions in China,» Fortune (9 November 2016), and H. Beech, «Donald Trump’s Victory is Some of the Best Foreign News China Could Have Hoped For,» Time, 20/11/2016 .
[28] Munich Security Conference, Munich Security Report, 2017: Post-truth, Post-West, Post-order?’, [n. d.], <https://www.securityconference.de/en/discussion/munich-security-report/munich-security-report-2017/>.
[29] C. Miller, «Ukraine: is the Stalemate Stable?,» Transatlantic Academy (29 August 2016).
انظر أيضاً القسم الثاني من الفصل الرابع في هذا الكتاب.
[30] E. Pond, «A Useful Stalemate in Ukraine,» Politics and Strategy: The Survival Editors’ Blog, 4 August 2016.
[31] صوّتت أغلبية النوّاب الأتراك (264 مقابل 250) لمصلحة السماح بالوصول، لكنها لم تكن أغلبية كافية لتنفيذ القرار. «Turkey upsets US Military Plans,» BBC News, 1 March 2003.
[32] European Commission, European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, «Turkey,» <https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/countries/detailed-country-information/turkey_en> .
[33] Al Jazeera and Agencies, «Turkey PM: Attempted Coup Leaves 265 People Dead,» Al Jazeera, 16 July 2016.
[34] E. Toksabay and E. Hardcastle, «Turkey Suspends 291 Navy Personnel over Links to Failed Coup,» Reuters, 13 November 2016, and «Turkey’s Crackdown Propels Number of Journalists in Jail Worldwide to Record High,» Committee to Protect Journalists, 13 December 2016.
[35] J. Rankin and K. Shaheen, «Turkey Reacts Angrily to Symbolic EU Parliament Vote on its Membership,» The Guardian, 24/11/2016.
[36] M. Smith, «Turkey Less Popular Choice to Join the EU than Even Russia,» YuoGov, 3 August 2016.
[37] Munich Security Conference, Munich Security Report, 2017: Post-truth, Post-West, Post-order?,» p. 22,
نقـلاً عن مصدر البيانات التفاعلي، International Crisis Group, «Turkey’s PKK Conflict: The Rising Toll,» <http://www.crisisgroup.be/interactives/turkey/>.
[38] E. McKirdy, «Turkey Sends Tanks into Syria to Battle ISIS,» CNN, 24 August 2016, and «Turkey Shells IS, Kurdish Positions in Northern Syria,» New Arab, 23 Aug. 2016
[39] .«S Korea President Park geun-hye «Had Role» in Scandal,» BBC News, 20 November 2016
[40] E. McKirdy, P. Hancocks, and K. J. Kwon, «South Korea’s Parliament Votes to Impeach President Park Geun-hye,» CNN, 9 December 2016.
[41] A. Gearan, P. Rucker, and S. Denyer, «Trump’s Taiwan Phone Call Was Long Planned, Say People Who Were Involved,» Washington Post, 4/12/2016.
[42] A. Gearan, «Trump Speaks with Taiwanese President, a Major Break with Decades of US Policy on China,» Washington Post, 3/12/2016.
[43] «New North Korea Sanctions Issued by President Obama,» BBC News (17 March 2016), and S. Somini and J. Perlez, «UN Stiffens Sanctions on North Korea, Trying to Slow its Nuclear March,» New York Times, 30/11/2016.
[44] N. Gaouette and B. Starr, «Facing Growing North Korea Nuke Threat, Trump Vows: «It won’t happen!»,» CNN, 3 January 2017.
[45] انظر مثـلاً: «Why is the South China Sea Contentious?,» BBC News, 12 July 2016, and Institute for Security and Development Policy (ISDP), «Understanding China’s Position on the South China Sea Disputes,» ISDP Backgrounder, June 2016
[46] قضية محكمة التحكيم الدائمة رقم 2013 – 19 في مسألة التحكيم في بحر الصين الجنوبي، المنظورة أمام محكمة مشكّلة بموجب الملحق السابع لاتفاقية الأمم المتحدة الخاصة بقانون البحار لسنة 1982، بين جمهورية الفيليبين وجمهورية الصين الشعبية: القرار التحكيمي: 12 تموز/يوليو 2016، <https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Award.pdf>.
للاطلاع على دليل النزاع والحكم الطويل الذي يشغل 500 صفحة، انظر: O. Holmes and T. Phillips, «South China Sea Dispute: What You Need to Know about The Hague Court Ruling,» The Guardian, 12/7/2016.
[47] T. Phillips, O. Holmes, and O. Bowcott, «Beijing Rejects Tribunal’s Ruling in South China Sea Case,» The Guardian, 12/7/2016.
[48] «How Uninhabited Islands Soured China-Japan Ties,» BBC News (10 November 2014).
[49] Associated Press, «Japan Boosts Coast Guard Fleet to Defend Disputed East China Sea Islands,» The Guardian, 22/12/2016.
[50] «Remarks by H. E. Ato Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, at the Inauguration of the African Union Commission Conference Centre and Office Complex,» Addis Ababa, 28 January 2012, and «Hopeless Africa,» The Economist (11 May 2000)
[51] «The Sun Shines Bright,» The Economist (3 December 2011); «Trade in East Africa: Worth Celebrating,» The Economist, 9/6/2016; «The Best Story in Development,» The Economist (19 May 2012), and D. T. Burbach, «The Coming Peace: Africa’s Declining Conflicts,» Sustainable Security, Oxford Research Group, 22 September 2016.
انظر أيضاً الموقع الإلكتروني: «African Success: People changing the Face of Africa,» <http://www.africansuccess.org/> .
[52] بالإضافة إلى القسم الأول من الفصل الثاني في هذا المجلّد، انظر أيضاً: C. Raleigh and J. Moody, eds., Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), «Real-time Analysis of African Political Violence,» Conflict Trends, no. 55 (February 2017).
[53] UNHCR, Global Appeal 2017, «Update: Africa,» (December 2016).
[54] African Development Bank, African Development Report, 2015: Growth, Poverty and Inequality Nexus, Overcoming Barriers to Sustainable Development (African Development Bank Group: Abijan, Côte d’Ivoire, June 2016).
بدعمكم نستمر
إدعم مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية
ينتظر المركز من أصدقائه وقرائه ومحبِّيه في هذه المرحلة الوقوف إلى جانبه من خلال طلب منشوراته وتسديد ثمنها بالعملة الصعبة نقداً، أو حتى تقديم بعض التبرعات النقدية لتعزيز قدرته على الصمود والاستمرار في مسيرته العلمية والبحثية المستقلة والموضوعية والملتزمة بقضايا الأرض والإنسان في مختلف أرجاء الوطن العربي.