المصادر:
نُشرت هذه الدراسة في مجلة المستقبل العربي العدد 539 في كانون الثاني/ يناير 2024.
الياس طنوس حنا: عميد ركن متقاعد، أستاذ جامعيّ، محاضر وخبير استراتيجيّ.
[1](*) البريد الإلكتروني: cyrillichanna@gmail.com
[2] Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987).
[3] أعدت هذه الدراسة قبل معركة طوفان الأقصى في فلسطين.
[4] «العقيدة العسكرية.. ما هي؟ وما أنواعها؟ وما مرتكزاتها؟ـ» الجزيرة.نت، 17 تشرين الأول/أكتوبر 2022، <https://rebrand.ly/ckt9k9n> (تم الدخول بتاريخ 3 حزيران/يونيو 2023).
[5] عناصر قوة الدولة هي سياسية، اقتصادية، عسكرية وإعلامية.
[6] Jean-Michel Le Bot, «Julien Freund and the Essence of the Political, a «Mediationnist» Reading,» Tetralogiques, politique et morale, no. 20, <https://www.tetralogiques.fr/spip.php?article129> (accessed on 30 June 2023).
[7] James R. Holmes, «Everything You Know about Clausewitz Is Wrong,» The Diplomat, 12 November 2014, <https://thediplomat.com/2014/11/everything-you-know-about-clausewitz-is-wrong/> (accessed on 28 June 2023).
[8] Colin S. Gray, «The Changing Nature of Warfare?,» Naval War College Review, vol. 49, no. 2 (Spring 1996), pp. 7-22, <https://www.jstor.org/stable/44642864> (accessed on 28 June 2023).
[9] Anatole Kaletsky, Capitalism 4.0: The Birth of a New Economy in the Aftermath of Crisis, reprint edition (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011), part II, p. 55.
[10] رماح الدلقموني، «الذكاء الاصطناعي.. ما هو؟ وما أبرز مظاهره؟،» الجزيرة.نت، 16 أيار/مايو 2022، <https://rebrand.ly/093675h> (تم الدخول بتاريخ 2 تموز/يوليو 2023).
[11] «Artificial Intelligence,» <https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence> (accessed on 2 July 2023).
[12] Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: Bantam, 1984).
[13] Rob Wilem «MAP: The World’s Economic Center of Gravity from AD 1 to AD 2010,» Business Insider (30 June 2012), <https://www.businessinsider.com/mckinsey-worlds-economic-center-of-gravity-2012-6> (accessed on 29 June 2023).
[14] Ibid.
[15] «The World’s Most Valuable Resource is No Longer Oil, But Data,» The Economist (6 May 2017), <https://rebrand.ly/0ekqos0> (accessed on 29 June 2023).
[16] Stacy Liberatore, «The Sprint to Perfect AI is the 21st Century’s Nuclear Arms Race, Says Tech Mogul,» The Daily Mail, 31/3/2023, <https://rebrand.ly/hk417y8> (accessed on 3 July 2023).
[17] Richard Hundley, Past Revolutions, Future Transformations: What Can the History of Revolutions in Military Affairs Tell Us About Transforming the U.S. Military? (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Cooperation, 1999), <https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1029.html> (accessed on 30 June 2023).
[18] Robin Fontes and Jorrit Kamminga, «Ukraine a Living Lab for AI Warfare,» National Defense Magazine (34 March 2023), <https://rebrand.ly/tcg2zvl> (accessed on 8 July 2023).
[19] «Definitions for Dromology,» <https://www.definitions.net/definition/dromology> (accessed on 1 July 2023).
[20] Paul Scharre, Four Battlegrounds: Power in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2023).
[21] Fire and Forget.
[22] «Putin: Leader in Artificial Intelligence Will Rule World,» CNBC, 4 September 2017, <https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/04/putin-leader-in-artificial-intelligence-will-rule-world.html> (accessed on 2 July 2023).
[23] Robert Riemann, «Synthetic Data,» European Data Protection Supervisor, <https://rebrand.ly/m1w2alq> (accessed on the 3 July 2023).
[24] Brenda Gratas, «50 ChatGPT Statistics and Facts You Need to Know,» Invgate, 14 February 2023, <https://rebrand.ly/v0jmtze> (accessed on the 3 July 2023).
[25] Jim Grupé, «How Much Faster is 5G Compared to 4G and 3G?,» <https://www.quora.com/How-much-faster-is-5g-compared-to-4G-and-3G> (accessed on the 3 July 2023).
[26] Daniel Flatley and Anthony Capaccio, «Surface-to-Air Missiles Need Chips Too, Pentagon Tells Congress,» Bloomberg, 22 July 2022, <https://rebrand.ly/6dq9hi9> (accessed on the 3 July 2023).
[27] «The Global AI Talent Tracker,» <https://macropolo.org/digital-projects/the-global-ai-talent-tracker/> (accessed on the 3 July 2023).
[28] «Largest Tech Companies by Market Cap,» <https://companiesmarketcap.com/tech/largest-tech-companies-by-market-cap/> (accessed on the 3 July 2023).
[29] Scharre, Four Battlegrounds: Power in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, p. 72.
[30] Alyssa Schroer, «Artificial Intelligence (AI): What Is AI and How Does It Work?,» Builtin, 19 May 2023, <https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence> (accessed on the 6 July 2023).
[31] Rory Cellan-Jones, «Stephen Hawking Warns Artificial Intelligence Could End Mankind,» BBC News, 2 December 2014, <https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30290540> (accessed on 6 July 2023).
[32] Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (London: Penguin Books, 2006).
[33] «Killed, Wounded, and Missing,» <https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing> (accessed on 7 July 2023).
[34] Peter Beaumont, «In the «Bakhmut Meat Grinder», Deadlocked Enemy Forces Slog it Out,» The Guardian, 10/12/2022, <https://rebrand.ly/8bkykye> (accessed on 7 July 2023).
[35] Yaroslav Trofimov, Micah Maidenberg and Drew FitzGerald, «Ukraine Leans on Elon Musk’s Starlink in Fight against Russia,» Wall Street Journal, 16/7/2022, <https://rebrand.ly/w12v2qa> (accessed on 7 July 2023).
[36] Yudhajit Shankar Das, «Blackwater to Wagner: How War Has Been Outsourced to Private Militaries around the World,» India Today, 27/6/2023, <https://rebrand.ly/qdy9qs6> (accessed on 10 July 2023).
[37] Roman Olearchyk, «Military Briefing: Ukraine Provides Ideal «Testing Ground» for Western Weaponry,» Financial Times, 5/7/2023, <https://rebrand.ly/rvi2sm8> (accessed on 7 July 2023).
[38] Ibid.
[39] «A New Era of High-Tech War Has Begun,» The Economist (6 July 2023), <https://rebrand.ly/yqo70bo> (accessed on the 7 July 2023).
[40] «Images Show New Russian Military Activity near Ukraine – Satellite Company,» Reuters, 15 February 2022, <https://rebrand.ly/4zy5vg5> (accessed on 8 July 2023).
[41] «Open-source Intelligence,» 2 May 2022, <https://data.europa.eu/en/publications/datastories/open-source-intelligence > (accessed on the 8 July 2023).
[42] Nicholas Confessore, «Cambridge Analytica and Facebook: The Scandal and the Fallout So Far,» New York Times, 4/4/2018, <https://rebrand.ly/bavgtdw> (accessed on 8 July 2023).
[43] Low Earth Orbit, «A New Era of Transparent Warfare Beckons,» The Economist (18 February 2022), <https://rebrand.ly/1ol94av> (accessed on the 9 July 2023).
[44] Eugenia C. Kiesling, «On War without the Fog,» <https://www.clausewitz.com/bibl/Kiesling-OnFog.pdf> (accessed on 9 July 2023).
[45] C4ISR = Command, Control, Communications, Computers (C4), Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR).
[46] Max Boot, «An Army Command Like No Other Seeks to Master the Future of War,» Washington Post, 28/5/2023, <https://rebrand.ly/eucj1v4> (accessed on10 July 2023)
[47] «A New Era of High-Tech War Has Begun,» The Economist (6 July 2023), <https://rebrand.ly/yqo70bo> (accessed on the 7 July 2023).
[48] Stanley McChrystal, «AI Has Entered the Situation Room,» Foreign Policy (19 June 2023), <https://rebrand.ly/w4w7g6u> (accessed on the 10 July 2023).
[49] Julian Borger, «Colin Powell’s UN Speech: A Decisive Moment in Undermining US Credibility,» The Guardian, 18/10/2021, <https://t.ly/22TUT> (accessed on 10 July 2023).
[50] Joshua Rovner, «Strategy and Grand Strategy in New Domains,» in: Hal Brands, ed., The New Makers of Modern Strategy: From the Ancient World to the Digital Age, contributions by John Bew [et al.] (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2023), p. 1067.
[51] «Who Said: «Armies Prepare to Fight Their Last War, Rather Than their Next War?»,» <https://t.ly/ozWip> (accessed on 10 July 2023).
[52] Kenneth N. Waltz, «The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better,» The Adelphi Papers, vol. 21, no. 171 (1981).
[53] Som Biswas, «Prospective Role of Chat GPT in the Military: According to ChatGPT,» Qeios, 27 February 2023, <https://www.qeios.com/read/8WYYOD> (accessed on 10 July 2023).
[54] Gerrit de Vynck, «AI Learned from their Work: Now They Want Compensation,» Washington Post, 16/7/2023, <https://t.ly/q3vIz> (accessed on the 17 July 2023).
[55] James Griffiths, «The Global Internet is Powered by Vast Undersea Cables. But They’re Vulnerable,» CNN, 26 July 2019, <https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/25/asia/internet-undersea-cables-intl-hnk/index.html> (accessed on the 17 July 2023).
[56] «US Air Force Denies Running Simulation in which AI Drone «Killed» Operator,» The Guardian, 2/6/2023, <https://t.ly/LkQ5n> (accessed on the 10 July 2023).
[57] جملة قالها لي قائد مدرسة الأركان الجويّة في ألاباما، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكيّة، عام 1994-1995 جون واردن، وهو الذي كان قد أعدّ الحملة الجويّة على العراق خلال عملية تحرير الكويت.
[58] Vincent van der Veen, «Crossbows and Christians,» Medieval Warfare, vol. 2, no. 2: «In This Issue: The Teutonic Order in decline» (2012), pp. 38-41, <https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48577944> (accessed on the 11 July 2023).
[59] Nathan G. Wood, «Rise of the Machines or Just a Routine Test?,» War on the Rocks, 30 June 2023, <https://t.ly/cwvip> (accessed on the 11 July 2023).
[60] «Strategic Arms Reduction Talks,» <https://www.britannica.com/event/Strategic-Arms-Reduction-Talks> (accessed on the 11 July 2023).
[61] Ross Andersen, «Never Give Artificial Intelligence the Nuclear Codes,» The Atlantic, 2/5/2023, <https://t.ly/_6en1> (accessed on the 11 July 2023).
[62] Ibid.
[63] Paul Bracken, The Second Nuclear Age: Strategy, Danger, and the New Power Politics (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2013).
[64] Ibid
[65] «UN Security Council to Hold First Talks on AI Risks,» Reuters, 17 July 2023, <https://t.ly/EczRZ> (accessed on the 18 July 2023).
[66] Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology (London: Penguin Books, 2006).
[67] Ibid., p. 27.
[68] Ibid., p. 24.
[69] Fontes and Kamminga, «Ukraine a Living Lab for AI Warfare,» op cit.
[70] Henry A Kissinger, Eric Schmidt and Daniel Huttenlocher, The Age of AI and Our Human Future (Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 2021), p. 21.
بدعمكم نستمر
إدعم مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية
ينتظر المركز من أصدقائه وقرائه ومحبِّيه في هذه المرحلة الوقوف إلى جانبه من خلال طلب منشوراته وتسديد ثمنها بالعملة الصعبة نقداً، أو حتى تقديم بعض التبرعات النقدية لتعزيز قدرته على الصمود والاستمرار في مسيرته العلمية والبحثية المستقلة والموضوعية والملتزمة بقضايا الأرض والإنسان في مختلف أرجاء الوطن العربي.