المصادر:
(*) نُشرت هذه الدراسة في مجلة المستقبل العربي العدد 469 في آذار/مارس 2018.
(**) فوزية زراولية: أستاذة في جامعة محمد الصديق بن يحيى، قسم العلوم السياسية، جيجل – الجزائر.
البريد الإلكتروني: zeraouliafaouzia@gmail.com
[1] انظر: José Flavio Sombra Saraiva, «The New Africa and Brazil in the Lula Era: The Rebirth of Brazilian Atlantic Policy,» Revista Brasiliera de politica Internacional, vol. 53, Special edition (2010), p. 175.
[2] انظر: Tom Forrest, «Brazil and Africa: Geopolitics, Trade, and Technology in the South Atlantic,» African Affairs, vol. 81, no. 322 (1982), p. 4.
[3] انظر: Marcus Vinicuis de Freitas, «Brazil and Africa: Historic Relations and Future Opportunities,» Policy Brief (German Marshall Fund of the United States) (February 2016), pp. 3‑4.
[4] انظر: Julia Vilas-Boas, «The Engagement of Brazil with Africa in the New Century: Convergence of Moments,» Global Journal of Human Social Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1 (2013), p. 6.
[5] Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini and Analúcia Danilebiz Pereira, «The African Policy of Lula’s Government,» (2007), p. 3, <https://www.ufrgs.br/nerint/folder/artigos/artigo61.pdf>. (Last Access on 25 December 2017).
[6] Saraiva, «The New Africa and Brazil in the Lula Era: The Rebirth of Brazilian Atlantic Policy,» p. 179.
[7] Vilas-Boas, «The Engagement of Brazil with Africa in the New Century: Convergence of Moments,» p. 6.
[8] المصدر نفسه.
[9] انظر: The World Bank and Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), «Bridging the Atlantic: Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa, South-South Partnering for Growth,» (2011), <http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12638>. (Last Access on 25 December 2017), p. 40.
[10] Vilas-Boas, Ibid., p. 9.
[11] المصدر نفسه، ص 42.
[12] Saraiva, «The New Africa and Brazil in the Lula Era: The Rebirth of Brazilian Atlantic Policy,» p. 8.
[13] انظر: Christina Stolte, «Brazil’s in Africa: Just Another BRICS Country Seeking Resources?,» Chatham House, Briefing Paper (1 November 2012), <http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/186957>, p. 9 (Last access on 21 December 2017).
[14] Vilas-Boas, «The Engagement of Brazil with Africa in the New Century: Convergence of Moments,» p. 8.
[15] انظر: Lyal White, «Understanding Brazil’s New Drive for Africa,» South African Journal of International Affairs, vol. 17, no. 2 (2010), p. 229.
[16] انظر: Padraig Carmody, «Globalizing Solidarity or Legitimating Accumulation? Brazilian Strategies and Interests in Africa,» Irish Studies in International Affairs, vol. 24 (2013), p. 83.
[17] المصدر نفسه، ص 89.
[18] The World Bank and Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), «Bridging the Atlantic: Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa, South-South Partnering for Growth,» p. 39.
[19] انظر: Christina Stolte, «GIGA Presents… Brazil in Africa: Seeking International Status, Not Resources,» Harvard International Review, vol. 34, no. 4 (2013), p. 65.
[20] The World Bank and Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), Ibid., p. 42.
[21] المصدر نفسه.
[22] انظر: Carlos Milani, «Brazil’s South-South Cooperation Strategies: From Foreign Policy to Public Policy,» Occasional Paper, no.179, Global Powers and Africa Programme, South African Institute of International Affairs (March 2014), p. 10, <http://www.eldis.org/document/A67283>. (Last Access on 24 December 2017).
[23] Carmody, «Globalizing Solidarity or Legitimating Accumulation? Brazilian Strategies and Interests in Africa,» p. 95.
[24] Visentini and Pereira, «The African Policy of Lula’s Government,» p. 7.
[25] المصدر نفسه، ص 8.
[26] انظر: Lidia Cabral, «Brazil’s Agricultural Politics in Africa: More Food International and the Disputed Meanings of «Family Farming»,» World Development, vol. 81 (2016), p. 49.
[27] De Freitas, «Brazil and Africa: Historic Relations and Future Opportunities,» p. 5.
[28] Visentini and Pereira, «The African Policy of Lula’s Government,» p. 7.
[29] Saraiva, «The New Africa and Brazil in the Lula Era: The Rebirth of Brazilian Atlantic Policy,» pp. 179-180.
[30] المصدر نفسه، ص 181.
[31] انظر: Carolina Milhorance de Castro, «La Politique Extérieure sud-sud du Brésil de L’après Lula: Quelle place pour l’Afrique,» Afrique contemporaine, no. 248 (2013), pp. 47‑48.
[32] المصدر نفسه، ص 49 – 50.
[33] المصدر نفسه، ص 51.
[34] انظر: Pedro Seabra, «Brazil As a Security Actor in Africa: Reckoning and Challenges Ahead,» GIGA Focus (Latin America), no. 7 (2016), pp. 4‑5.
[35] Cabral, «Brazil’s Agricultural Politics in Africa: More Food International and the Disputed Meanings of «Family Farming»,» p. 49.
[36] Seabra, Ibid., p. 6.
[37] De Freitas, «Brazil and Africa: Historic Relations and Future Opportunities,» p. 5.
[38] The World Bank and Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), «Bridging the Atlantic: Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa, South-South Partnering for Growth,» p. 54.
[39] المصدر نفسه، ص 55.
[40] المصدر نفسه، ص 56.
[41] انظر: Habiba Ben Baraka and Kupukile Mlambo, «Brazil’s Economic Engagement with Africa,» Africa Economic Brief (African Development Bank Group), vol. 2, no. 5 (2010), p. 8.
[42] المصدر نفسه، ص 7.
[43] Visentini and Pereira, «The African Policy of Lula’s Government,» p. 5.
[44] The World Bank and Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), «Bridging the Atlantic: Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa, South-South Partnering for Growth,» p. 68.
[45] Visentini and Pereira, Ibid., p. 8.
[46] Ben Baraka and Mlambo, «Brazil’s Economic Engagement with Africa,» p. 5.
[47] The World Bank and Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), «Bridging the Atlantic: Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa, South-South Partnering for Growth,» p. 72.
[48] المصدر نفسه، ص 85.
[49] المصدر نفسه، ص 84 – 85.
[50] Ben Baraka and Mlambo, «Brazil’s Economic Engagement with Africa,» p. 6.
[51] المصدر نفسه.
[52] The World Bank and Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), Ibid., p. 83.
[53] Ben Baraka and Mlambo, Ibid.
[54] The World Bank and Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA), Ibid.
[55] Ben Baraka and Mlambo, Ibid., pp. 3‑4.
[56] Seabra, «Brazil As a Security Actor in Africa: Reckoning and Challenges Ahead,» p . 2.
[57] انظر: Beatriz Rodrigues Bessa Mattos, Francisco Eduardo Lemos de Matos and Kai Michael Kenkel, «The Brazilian Policy and the Creation of a Regional Security Complex in the South Atlantic: Pax Brasiliana,» Contexto Internacional, vol. 39, no. 2 (May-August 2017), p. 266.
[58] انظر: Pedro Seabra, «A Harder Edge: Reframing Brazil’s Power Relation with Africa,» Revista Brasiliera de Politica Internacional, vol. 57, no. 1 (2014), p. 84.
[59] Mattos, De Matos and Kenkel, Ibid., p. 270.
[60] المصدر نفسه، ص 267 – 268.
[61] Seabra, «Brazil As a Security Actor in Africa: Reckoning and Challenges Ahead,» p. 86.
[62] المصدر نفسه، ص 89 و91.
[63] المصدر نفسه، ص 92.
[64] المصدر نفسه، ص 93.
بدعمكم نستمر
إدعم مركز دراسات الوحدة العربية
ينتظر المركز من أصدقائه وقرائه ومحبِّيه في هذه المرحلة الوقوف إلى جانبه من خلال طلب منشوراته وتسديد ثمنها بالعملة الصعبة نقداً، أو حتى تقديم بعض التبرعات النقدية لتعزيز قدرته على الصمود والاستمرار في مسيرته العلمية والبحثية المستقلة والموضوعية والملتزمة بقضايا الأرض والإنسان في مختلف أرجاء الوطن العربي.